Speech Sound Disorder can be diagnosed, evaluated, and treated by an SLP (Speech Language Pathologist) (American Speech Language Hearing Association, 2014). The DSM-5 does not specify treatment options for Speech Sound Disorder(American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Some individuals will be very self-conscious of their lisp, overestimating how noticeable it is by others, or assigning an overly negative impression to it. If Speech Sound Disorder is not corrected, and a lisp or other speech impediment persists into adulthood, it can be a contributing factor in social anxiety disorder. Other sources indicate Language Impairment (LI) is also seen in children with Speech Sound Disorder (Lewis, Avrich, Freebairn,Hansen, Sucheston, Kuo, Taylor, Iyengar, & Steina, 2011). (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The DSM-5 does not indicate any specific comorbid disorders with Speech Sound Disorder Other sources indicate children who experience frequent ear infections may develop hearing impairment and be at risk for Speech Sound Disorder (American Speech Language Hearing Association, 2014). The DSM-5 does not list specific risk factors for Speech Sound Disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Other sources indicate the prevalence of Speech Sound Disorder is 8%-9% in children (National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders, 2010). The DSM-5 does not indicate the prevalence of Speech Sound Disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Speech Sound Disorder responds well to speech therapy, with good resolution, however, some speech errors can persist into adulthood. The DSM-5 notes that the onset of Speech Sound Disorder is in childhood. The symptoms cannot be accounted for by another medical or neurological condition, including TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).The onset of symptoms is during childhood.There is interference with either social participation, academic performance, or occupational performance (or any combination thereof).Persistent unintelligible speech consisting of phoneme addition, omission, distortion, or substitution, which interferes with verbal communication.Symptoms of Speech Sound DisorderĪccording to the DSM-5, there are four criterion for Speech Sound Disorder: Difficulties with speech production outside of these normal developmental parameters, in the absence of a sensory -motor deficit, neurological problem, or facial structural abnormality can indicate Speech Sound Disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). At age eight, all words used by a child should be intelligible. At age two, about 50% of a child's speech should be intelligible, and by age four, speech should be mostly understandable. Acquisition of articulate speech is a developmental process which unfolds over almost a decade from birth. Substitution is using an incorrect sound to pronounce the word, e.g., cry is pronounced as “Cwy”. Distortions involve altering the correct sound of the word, which includes lisping. Omission involves deleting sounds or syllables, e,g, the word Doggie is pronounced as “oggie”. Addition of sounds is defined as including unneeded sounds in the pronunciation of the word. In Speech Sound Disorder, phonemes, or the basic units of speech, can be added, omitted, distorted or changed, or substituted in a manner which makes the speaker difficult to understand (American Speech Language Hearing Association, 2014). Speech Sound Disorder (SSD), formerly known as Phonological Disorder in the DSM -IV, (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition) is a DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition), diagnosis assigned to individuals who have difficulties in productive speech which interferes with communication, and produces impairment in functioning, and distress. Impairment in speech can have a negative influence on all of these areas. Clarity of speech is essential to social interaction, and educational and occupational functioning, as well as one's self confidence, self image, and sense of self efficacy. Speech is the verbal expression of one's cognitive content and process, and emotions. DSM-5 Category: Communication Disorders Introduction
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